Cyber crime and How to confront cyber crime in financial sector?

General words

Computers, the Internet, and other electronic medium are the tools that facilitate the instant exchange and distribution of data, images, and materials. The fraudulent activities of IT are termed as cyber-crime. It is also called as e-crime, hi-tech crime, account Hacking or electronic crime.

Cyber crimes in Banking Sector (Globally)

1. Stealing of personal information of >2.9 million credit card customers of Barclays and Santander Banks UK in 2013.

2. Missing $ 450,000 from the bank account of a Pennsylvania school district in 2008.

3. In 2009, Transfer of $3 million from a school’s account in New York. Some money was recovered. But $500,000 was withdrawn from the account before the transaction could be reversed.

4. Creation of fake debit cards and withdrawal of > $9 million from ATMs worldwide by breaching the U.S. payment processor's computer systems in 2009.

5. Huge cyber attacks hit on 13th May 2017 nearly to 100 countries with "Wanna Decryptor" malware which is called ransomware as well.

6. In 2002 the newly formed U.S. Internet Crime Complaint Center reported that more than $54 million dollars had been lost through a variety of fraud schemes; this represented a threefold increase over estimated losses of $17 million in 2001. The annual losses grew in subsequent years, reaching $125 million in 2003, about $200 million in 2006 and close to $250 million in 2008.

Read more... How to be performed the ATM skimming? How to secure your ATM card from it?

Classifications of Cyber Crime

Mr. Pavan Duggal, who is the President of cyber laws, the internet, and representative, in a report has honestly described the diverse categories and varieties of cyber crimes. Cyber crimes can be essentially divided into 3 fundamental categories-

1. Cybercrimes Against Persons.
2. Cybercrimes Against Property.
3. Cybercrimes Against Government.

1. Cybercrimes Against Persons.

Cybercrimes committed in opposition to people encompass diverse crimes like transmission of baby pornography, harassment of everybody with the use of a computer which includes the internet. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene cloth inclusive of pornography and indecent publicity constitutes one of the maximum critical Cybercrimes recognized today. The capacity harm of such a crime to humanity can infrequently be amplified. this is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the increase of the younger era as also leave irreparable scars and harm on the younger era, if now not managed.

2. Cybercrimes Against Property.

The second one category of Cybercrimes is that of Cybercrimes against all kinds of assets. Those crimes include laptop vandalism (destruction of others' assets), transmission of dangerous programs. A Mumbai-primarily based upstart engineering organization misplaced a say and lots cash inside the commercial enterprise while the rival enterprise, an industry predominant, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber secret agent.

3. Cybercrimes Against Government.

The third category of Cybercrimes relates to Cybercrimes in opposition to authorities. Cyber terrorism is one wonderful kind of crime in this class. The increase of internet has proven that the medium of cyberspace is being used by people and companies to threaten the international governments as additionally to terrorize the residents of a rustic. This crime manifests itself into terrorism whilst a person "cracks" into a central authority or navy maintained a website.
The Act defines five cybercrimes damage to PC source code, hacking, publishing electronic information that's lascivious or prurient, breach of confidentiality and publishing false digital signatures.

The studies suggest PC crime poses a real chance. those who accept as true with otherwise simply have now not been weakened by the large losses and setbacks skilled by companies worldwide. money and highbrow belongings have been stolen, corporate operations impeded, and jobs lost because of computer crime.in addition, facts systems in authorities and business alike have been compromised. The economic impact of computer crime is mind-blowing (high-quality issue)

Read more... Data security

Reasons for Cyber Crime

“The concept of law” has stated ‘people are inclined so rule of law is needed to guard them’. Applying this to our cyberspace we can also say that computer systems are prone (able to attack) so rule of law is needed to shield and guard them in opposition to cyber crime. The motives for the vulnerability of computers can be said to be:

1. Potential To keep information In comparatively Small space-

The computer has the unique characteristic of storing records in a totally small area. This provides to put off or derive statistics either via physical or virtual medium makes it lots less complicated.

2. Easy to access

The hassle encountered in guarding a laptop system in opposition to unauthorized get entry to is that there may be every possibility of breach now not due to human mistakes however due to the complicated technology. with the aid of secretly implanted good judgment bomb, keyloggers that can steal get entry to codes, superior voice recorders; retina photos and many others. that could idiot biometric systems and bypass firewalls may be utilized to get past many a security system.

3. Complicated

The computers paintings on running structures and those operating systems, in turn, are composed of tens of millions of codes. The human mind is fallible and it isn't feasible that there won't be a lapse at any stage. The cyber criminals take advantage of these lacunas and penetrate into the PC gadget.

4. Negligence

Negligence may be very intently connected with human conduct. It's miles consequently very probable that whilst defensive the PC device there might be any negligence, which in turn gives a cybercriminal to advantage get right of entry to and manage the PC device.

5. Loss of evidence

Lack of proof is a very not unusual & apparent hassle as all of the data are mechanically destroyed. The similar collection of information out of doors the territorial volume also paralyzes this device of crime investigation.

Prevention of Cyber Crime

1. Adequate ICT policy is the first thing. Govt has taken ICT policy 2016 in this regard. Financial Institutions especially Banks have the responsibility to develop their own policy which must be complied with ICT policy 2016. The majority of Banks are trying their level best.

2. Server Room's environment is a factor. Entry must be restricted. Only authorized person should be allowed.

3. Entry time & exit time of each person must be registered & checked daily.

4. Server or Client PC must be password protected. Windows & User password is necessary.

5. Regular backup of confidential data is necessary.

6. Password:

Password must not be- his/her name, his/her wife/husband name, birthday or any other person's name closely related to him/her. Password must not be written in any paper, computer or any other medium. Password must be a combination of Uppercase & Lowercase Characters, special characters, number- with at least 8 digits long. Password must be changed within 15 days; even weekly if possible. But pattern should be different.

7. Free/Pirated software should not be installed. Only license version is allowed. Application Software like- Facebook, Twitter etc is strictly prohibited.

8. There must be the precaution in case of using 3rd party software. 3rd party performance & trust must take in consideration.

9. Junk or Spam messages must be deleted regularly to avoid Spoofing & Spamming.

10. The firewall should remain active 24/7. Also checking any try of unauthorized access; if found blocking them immediately.

11. Strong serval lens system must be introduced; either in the form of CC Camera or others.

12. In the case of large transaction customer's positive pay instruction is necessary. That means the authenticity of the transaction must be taken in written or any other form from the customer.

13. Training is also a factor. The employee should be well trained about Changing threads.

14. Recruitment of IT Expert/Consultant necessary.

15. IT Audit must be executed on regular basis to check whether operations are going according to ICT policy also.

16. Cyber Attack Simulation is necessary also on regular basis. This will help in immediate response if any threat arises.

17. Building a moral value among the employee is necessary.

18. In the case of any negligence, proper punishment is a must; so that no one tries it further.

19. Customer awareness is also necessary. They must inform the bank/financial institution immediately in case of any illegal transaction from their account.

20. Higher management should also take proper steps in proper time to prevent or mitigate Cyber Crime thread.

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Why do you need to hire a mortgage adviser or Broker?

General words

If you don’t recognize who is mortgage adviser? Then permit me to inform you this is called a mediator between mortgagors and owners. The fundamental purpose is to have such individuals they offer help to get a mortgage for any scenario of yours. They are required to do all form of criminal works, and this is their responsibility to do better research on customers and interact with them to help you in your application approval.

This turned into terrible for a specific time when you carried out for a mortgage and needed to watch for few months to get your loan. You didn’t realize real terms for all related paperwork so mediator can be your right hand who will give you complete understanding concerning regulations and policies in addition to middleman support for you. Let’s explore the fundamental want of hiring such advisers.

What is Mortgage Adviser?

Basically, a Mortgage Advisor is a mediator between a homebuyer and mortgage lenders. The mortgage advisor will evaluate the borrower's funds, find proper mortgage items, apply for pre-endorsements, accumulate important documentation, finish applications, and exhort customers on the correct mortgage items for them.

Benefits of using Mortgage Adviser

Quickly conducting conferences:

They could easily keep meetings for you. He may take appointments on your behalf. It's now not hard to be able to take out time out of your busy schedule in particular throughout workplace hours. So mortgage dealer makes this mission easier for you. He will make sure their availability every time you will say, so it’s not an inconvenience to chase them. He knows how valuable it slow is. It’s better to cooperate with them as properly.

Lower rates

The most obvious reason that individuals acquire a mortgage. Through a mortgage broker is that brokers approach numerous rates and banks. Along these lines, mortgage brokers approach rates that may not generally be publicized broadly. And can be fundamentally lower than those promoted by banks or credit unions.

Openness

Many loan specialists' rates and mortgages must be gotten to through a mortgage broker. Brokers can likewise vet loan specialists and consult for the benefit of the purchaser, and experienced brokers have associations with these moneylenders, and also the banks. Disregarding these moneylenders and getting a mortgage with a bank can mean picking harsher prepayment punishments for breaking your mortgage and additionally a higher loan fee, which can cost purchasers tons of dollars over the life of their mortgage.

Customization

A mortgage adviser can better tailor a mortgage item to your particular needs, regardless of whether that be working with a loan specialist who is more adaptable with regards to independently employed wage or one who has more adaptable prepayment terms. Since mortgage brokers approach more banks, they're better ready to discover a moneylender and a mortgage in view of your particular needs and budgetary circumstance to get you the most reduced mortgage rates today.

Your Ally

A mortgage adviser is on your side. "There's a considerable measure of things that happen when you purchase your first home," said Claire Drage, a mortgage broker with Mortgage Alliance. "A real estate broker will disclose to you so much, and the legal counselor will reveal to you so much [but] a decent mortgage operator can unite everything in one place and draw an obvious conclusion in what can be a mind-boggling process." A mortgage expert at a bank needs to offer you their item. That is not a terrible thing, but rather their mortgage item might be the one that is most pertinent to your circumstance. Here's some assistance in picking between a bank and a broker for your mortgage.

 Experience

Brokers have seen various customers in changing budgetary circumstances. When contemplating how your life may change over the life of your mortgage term. He'll have the capacity to give you choices and situations that had never entered your thoughts and record for him, possibly sparing you thousands in the process over the life of your mortgage.

Comfort

You work 50 hours every week, possibly you have a little tyke, despite everything you need to make sure to take out the pooch. How on earth would you be able to cut out some an opportunity to head into a bank office (amid bank hours) and converse with a mortgage expert? A mortgage adviser can come to you and walk you through the majority of the mortgage alternatives accessible, without you lifting a finger. You can take as much time as you have to make inquiries and have the chance to build up a genuine association with your broker, one in which you're a great deal more OK with the money related ramifications of the mortgage decisions displayed. Many brokers will likewise answer telephone calls, messages, and instant messages "night-time."

Similarly, as with any administration, you'll need to do your due determination keeping in mind the end goal to locate the correct mortgage broker for you. Get suggestions from loved ones, and don't be reluctant to approach the broker for references. Additionally, make sure to do some examination before meeting with your broker so you can get some information about how items apply to your specific data. There is mortgage adviser the whole way across the nation, so begin searching for one preceding your home chase starts, and you'll make certain to get a portion of the best mortgage rates in Canada.

Liable for office work

Agents are accountable for all sort of red tape. He may support you from utility submission to approval. He'll provide assistance inside the complete state of affairs either for authorities grants and something and so forth. Mortgage advisers in Oxfordshire, Bristol, Liverpool and everywhere are abode to preserve you replace on an each day basis to allow you to recognize the modern repute of your software or paintings. You just need to consciousness for your investment which you need to do once you have a mortgage.

Expert recommendation

A mortgage adviser can have enough experience in dealing with such form of stuff. He will permit you to realize approximately every step and conscious you in case you are shifting toward loss. He will very well study out the cutting-edge advertising and marketing function and recommend you which of them lender could be appropriate to your utility. We're ensuring right solution for your private home funding.

Allowed to you

mortgage adviser works on commission and is paid by the banks who at last give you your mortgage. Yet, that doesn't imply that all brokers are cash hungry grubbers who overlook your specific needs. Brokers rely on referrals so as to get business, so it's to their greatest advantage to serve you admirably well. While meeting a mortgage adviser, get some information about their expense structure and how they're remunerated to ensure you're alright with it. There more often than not isn't an out-of-take cost to you. Faultfinders will state that the cost of the adviser is eventually being passed onto the borrower from the loan specialist. Be that as it may, regardless of the possibility that this is the situation, if the loan costs being offered through an adviser are lower than the contenders, despite everything you wind up the victor at last.

Pre-idea approximately creditors credibility

In case you applied for a loan and also you didn’t get acclaim for so many reasons this may take place handiest due to one scenario if you don’t recognize approximately the contemporary repute of the employer from whom you are lending. So this issue goes to be resolved now along with your dealer. He has got a selected system who will assist you to realize who can provide you with the loan as according to their credibility.

Advising

Some mortgage items basically aren't accessible to brokers. These have a tendency to be called 'coordinate just' arrangements and are offered by banks and building social orders specifically to their clients. A mortgage adviser even one who can get to 'entire of market' bargains - is probably not going to have the capacity to prompt you about these.

Disadvantages of mortgage adviser

Adviser's Interests May Not Align With Your Own

Your definitive objective in looking for a mortgage is to discover one with a reasonable financing cost and low expenses. You are in it for the whole deal. A mortgage adviser, then again, frequently gets paid a charge from the loan specialist for acquiring the business. This expense can be founded on the measure of the mortgage and will differ among loan specialists. A mortgage adviser's objective, in this way, is to get you into a mortgage that boosts their remuneration. The 2008 market crash uncovered that many brokers were getting their customers into mortgages. The mortgage that they couldn't bear the cost of after some time.

You May Not Be Getting The Best Deal

Numerous homebuyers basically accept that a mortgage adviser can convey a superior arrangement than he could get all alone. Yet this is not generally the situation. A few loan specialists may offer homebuyers precisely the same and rates that they offer mortgage brokers. It never damages to look around all alone to check whether your broker is truly offering you an extraordinary arrangement. As specified before, utilizing a mortgage number cruncher is a simple approach to certainty check if your broker is putting forth you a decent arrangement.

Brokers Often Do Not Guarantee Estimates

At the point when a mortgage adviser initially gives you offers from banks. He regularly utilizes the expression "great confidence evaluate". This implies the broker trusts that the offer will epitomize the last terms of the arrangement. Yet this is not generally the situation. Now and again, the loan specialist may change the terms in view of your real application. And you may wind up paying a higher rate or extra charges.

A few Lenders Do Not Work With Mortgage Brokers At All

This is an expanding pattern since 2008, as a few moneylenders are finding that adviser began mortgages will probably go into default than coordinating the loan. By working with an adviser, you might not approach these loan specialists. Some of whom might have the capacity to offer you preferred mortgage terms over you can overcome the broker.

Ending words

Those advantages factors are convincing you to have the help of those advisors. Because you're making an investment your money and time and in case you couldn’t achieve mortgage approval. Then it would be difficult for your dream investment. Mortgage adviser who have to have revealed in with the modern-day marketplace. He's having updated expertise about which lender might be great for you. To get rid of such bizarre scams cross for the proper answer. You can even lease such employees from corporations who are offering your guide of specialists.

See more....  

• What is security / Mortgage? Necessity / Importance / Objectives / Advantages of Security / Mortgage.
• Considering Factors / Features / Elements of Good Security/ mortgage of credit.
• Different types and classification of mortgage / Security.

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How to be performed the ATM skimming? How to secure your ATM card from it?

General words

How is ATM card skimming? How to protect ATM skimming? Recently, ATM card skimming has increased alarmingly. So, knowing how cybercrimes happen, users can understand how to be safe from them.

What is ATM skimming? 

ATM Skimming (ATM Card Hacking) is a method that uses cyber criminals to take control of your bank account using your ATM card information. And the criminals who are involved in it are called skimmers.

How to skimming?

The schemers usually skimming using three things in three steps of skimming.

1. Skimming devices.
2. Stolen Pincode or password.
3. Using fake ATM card.

Skimming devices:

The schemers will set up their skimming devices wherever you press the ATM card at the booth's slot. This device is capable of sending information to the skimmers without being too small and no connection. The skimmer stays around the booth, and he has another receiver that can accept the data of the skimming device. When the victim punches the slot card, the small device attached to the slot will then steal all the information of the magnetic portion of the card and send it to the skimmer.

Stolen Pincode:

The skimmer has got all the information stored on your card. But you also need your Pincode to take full control of your bank account. For this reason, the schema key is placed on the keypad and placed a hidden cam in the booth. Or the keypad may have a fake keypad placed on the keypad, which will send the information you have pressed to the scheme.

Using fake ATM card:

Now the scheme will create a fake skimming card with the data from the skimming device. That's right, the job is over. Now the skimmer is able to take full control of your account using this fake credit card and PIN.

Some tips for ATM card users

1) Keep an eye on the booths. Keep in mind that Whether there are any cameras on the keyboard or not.

2) Be careful while punching the slot of the card. Please inform the bank authorities if you feel pressured to apply slots in the slot rather than normal.

3) Be careful of is the keypad unusual?

4) Cover the keypad of ATM with Keeping your hands while typing pin code or password.

5) Keep in mind that if something suspicious is connected to the card slot area.

6) If you see such suspicious, quickly inform the bank authorities and law enforcement agencies.

7) Be careful. Have safe from ATM skimming and conduct secure transactions.


See more.....

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How to Make or Open an LC (Letter of Credit)?

General words of LC

In this age of globalization, almost all types of business are international trade. for most cases, customers and dealers don't know anyone. Here, the seller has a risk. To avoid this risk, international buyers want these letter of credit.

If you want to import any commodity from abroad, you must make a letter of credit through the bank. LC is the only legal way for international trade. Through the LC, merchants import and export goods from one country to another.

What needs to do LC?

(1) To make a letter of credit, a trader will first need a trade license and it must be updated.

(2) The latest audit report

(3) An IRC-Import Registration Certificate

(4) Membership certificate from the local trade chamber or related association

(5) Income tax declaration or income tax declaration for a new organization

(6) VAT registration certificate

The documents have to be collected before the application for LC.

The applicant has to collect the documents mentioned before the application forLC. There will also be some other documentation needed:

(1) LC application form also.

(2) Indent / Performance Invoice (PI) / Purchase Order / Purchase Agreement.

(3) Proper and properly executed charge documents

(4) Properly sealed and signed LC approval form (LCAF)

(5) Even Insurance notes

After collecting these papers, the documents will be submitted to the bank who is willing to do a letter of credit. Of course, there must be an account with the bank. The bank will check the papers. For this, the bank will take a few days. After all the work of LC will be informed from the bank.

LC deals with the bank

Initially, the bank will have to pay the full amount. Suppose LC Value is $ 20,000. At the bank, you have to deposit 1.6 million. However, gradually increasing the business with the bank, letter of credit should be opened with 10-20% margin. There should be some other documents with money. Such as:

3 or 4 copies of all paper (Trade license, Tin, Croce, IRC) Indent / Pi of your company. Bank Credit Report of the Company's Company Insurance Cover Note (It will be paid by showing the Indent in any insurance company)

Then the bank will give you a copy of LC. The originals will send to the supplier abroad.

How to deal with LC

For all business transactions, there are two parties, one buyer and one seller. Therefore, The transaction will be processed through LC

(1) The buyer will first contact the seller

(2) The bank will contact the bank that is willing to make LCs

(3) Send from the issued LC Bank to the Vendor Consulting Bank

(4) Vendor advisory banks will send the letter of credit documents to the vendor

(5) View the papers and tell the seller the date of the purchase. And as soon as the dealer will show all the documents dealing with the consulting bank.

(6) Send the banking bank papers to the bank in which the customer has made the letter of credit.

(7) After reviewing the papers, the letter of credit will send the clearance of the issued bank transaction to the counseling bank. And at the same time send a clearance to the buyer and Counseling banks will send a clearance to the seller.

After getting clearance, finally, the buyer-seller is ready for the transaction which supports to foreign exchange.

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Banking governance: Basel 3 and our reality.

General words

Banking governance: Basel 3 and our reality is After the US subprime scandal, Basel Committee was introduced and government came forward to save and take enlightenment to the crumbling banks of The global financial crisis in 2007. In order to tackle the emergency losses, the minimum capital tied up in the banks through Basel 2 was not enough. The formation of Basel-2.5 and Basel-3 are from this perception. At the first quotation, the definition of market risk has been revised in which the capital increasing of all the banks engaged in the trading business is to be tried. Sesoktatite capital preservation has set a new standard, which will be fully implemented in 2019.

The aim of Basel-3: 

The quality of bank capital and to maintain continuity, by taking additional loans from the banks to stop investing in risk-based capital protection, short-term funds to reduce dependence on the banks (of the subprime crisis situation such funds must pay more made vulnerable), and the financial health of banks, to be published.

Given the financial crisis that shook the world in terms of the failure of many opinions, but Basel-II True, it did not take some risk during the period, the banks did not have the capacity to manage. Oxford University researcher Ranjit Lal's comment is significant in this context; Basel II is not a solution to the current chaos, rather than the underlying causes.Greek security expert 'Dmitry Cheraphese' Basel-II was responsible for the failure of several reasons: the implementation of the long delay, given the freedom to amend the commercial banks, more dependency on the independent rating agency to verify credit susceptibility.

According to him, the strict surveillance of the advantage gained from Basel II, but it is apparent that there is flexibility for the banks. Dmitry Basel III in his famous book, The Devil in Global Banking and wrote, The government and the regulators, the nondescript (hybrid) capital risks, customer credit ratings and tasteless speculation activities include the financial means to do was sit and pretend to be disabled, The non-stop money machines to meet social or commercial purposes, rather than for the sake of his work has been. Curiously forgot to commercial banks, their first and foremost role of the institution as a recipient of deposits'. Dmitry laments this critical moment that 2007 of the world's financial regulatory institutions, as well as the US subprime symptoms and then, pointed to the government, it is clear Because he meant 'tasteless financial instrument '(unsavory Financial Instruments) to paint the name on the credit equipment mean the high plunderer. So the American glass-Steagall act Basel-3 through legislation, says the need for global restoration.

General readers should be built, in 1929 the high declination of American stock market policymakers quarter after the Great Depression and later realized, the mastermind of this disaster commercial banks. Because they ignore the main banking activities were more enthusiastic to invest in the share market. Even as the share of its own capital investment, the depositors' money by investing in a high unlimited risk.Such activity was made in 1933 to prevent the banks from the glass-Steagall act, which is a clear line between the commercial banks and investment banks is made. It was abolished in 1999, 66 years after the enactment of the law against a new law was introduced, allowing banks to own stock brokerage houses are able to invest.

However, the bank's huge capital and a large share of the activities that could contribute to the immense body has to draw the line between banks and investment banks. This line is not very effective because the Banking Act reinstated Dmitry glass-Steagall claimed. Dmitry wrote in his book, Commercial banking is not a secure individual, family or organization can not be confident about the security of their money deposited in the bank to be able to make payments, settlement, money transfer, or credit clearing to rely on.

To prevent or to manage this type of financial mismanagement and corruption, a substantial amount of capital banks must keep in reserve for the implementation of the introduction of Basel -3.Because taxpayer money to rescue banks capital deficit able repetition is not recommended. Basel-II capital than the Basel-3 in the re-definition of the important elements of the system has been further integrated. Designation of new capital from the third level (Tier 3), besides the capital (Tier 1) and the second level (Tier II) capital has been kept in order to strengthen the first level.

According to the document of  Basel-3, the first level capital is 'Going-Concern Capital'. It's two parts again, common equity tier (level) 1 and the additional (additional) level 1. The first will be paid up capital, share premium, statutory reserves, general reserves and undistributed profit (retained earning), and so on. According to the document, the second level of public capital -3 Basel Capital Concern. In addition, the liquidity crisis banks have been prepared to uphold the protection of liquidity ratio (liquidity coverage ratio) and net stable funding ratio (net stable funding ratio). A month-long crisis in the first period and the second is to preserve liquidity necessary to meet the one-year liquidity provision system.

This document does not go into the technical details of the new word is, it's such a mechanism, through which banks during the financial crisis, with its capital in order to cope with adverse circumstances. In order to ensure the safety of these banks will be enough to save the capital.

Another notable Loading documents Basel-3 minimum capital treasures of additional capital (Capital Conservation Buffer), which can be tackled with a crisis situation, the lack of capital. The banks will have to create a buffer from its own sources, namely the distribution of dividends, repurchase of its own shares, bonus, etc. employees.If capital can be collected from other sources, it is possible to create these additional buffer. As part of the implementation of the Basel-3, from 2016 to dec-2019 this additional capital like respectively .625%, 1.25%, 1.875%, 2.5% have to be reserved.

If any of the banks to maintain capital above the minimum rate of all sectors of the buffer may not be the bank of any cash dividend or bonus will not be able to pay. However, only with the prior approval of the Central Bank will be able to issue bonus shares. Thus, in various sectors and the provision of capital by maintaining a minimum capital adequacy rate from 2016 to since 2019 will be respectively 10.625 %, 11.25 %, 11.875 % & 12.50 %. 

Basel-3 under the instruction has been given to the preservation of capital, the arguments against him have been raised from various banks and government, Dmitry them in his book merely for their political gains, 'hypocrisy', argues strongly criticized. He is the Chief Financial Officer for the failure of the Basel capital instrument, the chief executive and managers responsible for maintaining the provisions criticized, It is the capital adequacy of the budget and the actual achievements to constant surveillance. Basel-3 Full implementation of the period until 2019, he expressed dissatisfaction with the prolonged. According to him, the 'now' should be implemented. It is the implementation of the long-term and other incoherence, he has called 'great compromise' as well.

His book does not show much Dimitri anger, Bangladesh Feel free to talk in terms of the Basel document set a minimum capital of 8 percent, but the rates have been set for our banks to 10 percent, up 1 percent to 50 percent in 2019 with buffered capital. We, like other countries, to protect the capital from the Basel Committee for concessions did not eve. Dmitry dissatisfaction or concern does not apply to us for our banking profits should smugness.

Junk credit rating agencies by the start-up of some of our financial health of the bank or the borrower's corporate credit rating of some banks in the developed world compared to the apparently acceptable, though bargaining our banking situation is not too strong.The new generation of banks that preserve capital in difficult conditions to protect the shore can not play at all, we will continue with the truth so that the banks can manage their own capital without any adverse situation.

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Data security

In this article various topics like Data security, Electronic Payment System, Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers, Dot Matrix Printers, Number System, Number System,binary code, Digital Signature, Unicode, ICT Audit, Phishing, antivirus software, Audit Trail, MICR etc  have been disclosed with detail. Let's know the detail.

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Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT).

In this article electronic funds transfer, EFT, Visa and MasterCard, smart card, Spamming and spyware, online CIB, Internet and intranet, website, ICT Policy Scenario in a Developing Countries etc have been discussed.
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Operating System.

In this article operating system, processing, processor, real time, software, hardware, System Software, Application Software. Programming, Engineering, Scientific Software, Product, Product-line, Utility, Life Cycle, coding,  Design, Database, Management, System, Database Management System, Enterprise Resource Planning, Computer Memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, Banking Software, cash management etc have been discussed. let's see the detail.

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Data Center

Data Center Definition

A data center is a computer system's most important and vulnerable component. At its most basic, the data center is a physical place that houses a computer network's most critical systems, including backup power supplies, air conditioning, and security applications. We're talking a large amount of data here, stored in a large number of computers.

A typical example of a company that almost certainly has a data center is a bank or other kind of financial institution. A bank's data center will have a mainframe or other kind of computer network, on which customers' account information and other data are stored. A university will also have a data center, which includes not only personal information about the university's employees and students, but also information on the university's buildings, construction projects, and physical and intellectual history.These kinds of data centers contain information that is critical to the continued operation of the bank, university, or other business. Therefore, that data cannot be lost. Security measures surrounding such data centers are usually very strong, as are systems of climate control that keep the data center's computer systems from malfunctioning. Data centers will also almost certainly contain backup computers or mirror drives that protect against massive data loss. Such backup computers or mirror drives are routinely dependent not only on electronic power but also on battery power, so that they can continue to function in the case of an interruption of electronic power.

Other kinds of data centers can be found in government institutions; companies that have multiple headquarters; and providers of electronic services such as television, mobile phones, and the like. A data center can also be a single computer, storing and accessing one company's or one person's critical data. Smaller data centers usually have less complicated forms of data protection. No matter the size, all data centers serve the same function: to compile and protect the data of a person or company.

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Computing in Banking

Computer

Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.

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